Clinical Decision Support Framework

Microvascular Dysfunction
Clinical Workflow Pack

Auto-Scoring · Escalation Rules · Lab Thresholds · Mechanism-Based Treatment

SSRI Withdrawal Long COVID / Post-Viral Step 1 Endothelium Step 2 Platelets Step 3 Fibrin Step 4 Fibrinolysis
⚠️ Disclaimer: This is a clinical decision-support framework based on emerging mechanistic research. It does not constitute medical advice or a prescription. All treatment decisions must be made by a licensed clinician with full knowledge of the individual patient's history, contraindications, and risk factors. No clinical trials have validated this protocol as a complete system.
Section 01

Auto-Scoring System

Mark each symptom present (1 point each). Enter lab values where available (+2 points each). Total each step column. Highest total = Dominant Step. Ties → treat the lower-numbered step first.

Symptom / Marker Step 1 🟢
Endothelium
Step 2 🟠
Platelets
Step 3 🔵
Fibrin
Step 4 🔴
Fibrinolysis
Diffuse head pressure☐ +1
Light sensitivity (non-migraine)☐ +1
Orthostatic dizziness / heat intolerance☐ +1
Air hunger / BP or pulse fluctuation☐ +1
Pressure behind one eye / temple☐ +1
Visual brightness / contrast distortion☐ +1
Sound sensitivity / derealization☐ +1
Tingling or buzzing sensations☐ +1
Brain fog / word-finding difficulty☐ +1
Mental fatigue disproportionate to effort☐ +1
Exercise intolerance / post-exertional malaise☐ +1
"Low oxygen" feeling without hypoxia☐ +1
Plateaued recovery despite effort☐ +1
Waxing/waning without clear triggers☐ +1
Cold extremities / poor peripheral circulation☐ +1
Symptoms don't clear with rest☐ +1
LAB: vWF antigen/activity ↑ +2
LAB: ADAMTS13 low-normal+2
LAB: MPV elevated+2
LAB: Fibrinogen ↑+2
LAB: α2-antiplasmin ↑+2
LAB: PAI-1 ↑+2
TOTAL SCORE → ____ ____ ____ ____

Dominant Step Action Guide

Step 1 Highest
Endothelium / NO
Start: NO + endothelial support
Step 2 Highest
Platelet Stabilization
Add: omega-3, magnesium
Step 3 Highest
Anti-inflammatory
Consider anticoagulation eval
Step 4 Highest
Specialist Escalation
Fibrinolysis evaluation
Section 02

4-Step Mechanism Map

The microvascular dysfunction cascade. Treat upstream first — do NOT jump to Step 3/4 without addressing Step 1/2.

Step 1Endothelium / NO
Step 2Platelets / PMPs
Step 3Fibrin Structure
Step 4Fibrinolysis
1
Endothelium / NO
vWF Release & Nitric Oxide

Mechanism

  • ↓ Nitric oxide (NO) → endothelial dysfunction
  • ↑ vWF secretion from stressed endothelial cells
  • Platelet inhibition reduced (NO deficit)
  • Autonomic rebound → vasoconstriction
  • Sources: SSRI withdrawal, viral injury, oxidative stress

Lab Signals

  • vWF antigen/activity >150% of normal
  • CRP >3 mg/L
  • ADAMTS13 low-normal (<60% activity)
2
Platelet Amplification
PMP Release & vWF Interaction

Mechanism

  • Dysregulated platelets from SSRI-depleted serotonin
  • Platelets bind ultra-large vWF (UL-vWF) strings
  • Platelet microparticles (PMPs) shed — mobile clotting platforms
  • PMPs bind vWF → seed dense micro-aggregation scaffolds
  • Gas6 (vitamin K-dependent) signaling disrupted

Lab Signals

  • MPV elevated (>11 fL)
  • Platelet count normal (distinguishes from TTP)
  • vWF still elevated
3
Fibrin Structure
Dense Clot Formation

Mechanism

  • Thrombin generation ↑ (from PMP phosphatidylserine)
  • Fibrin polymerization altered → denser, tighter networks
  • Amyloid-like fibrin in severe/prolonged states (Long COVID)
  • Capillary flow limited → oxygen delivery uneven
  • Post-exertional worsening pattern emerges

Lab Signals

  • Fibrinogen >4.0 g/L
  • D-dimer normal or mildly elevated (<1 mg/L FEU)
  • CRP often still elevated
4
Fibrinolysis Shutdown
α2-Antiplasmin / PAI-1 Lock

Mechanism

  • α2-antiplasmin cross-linked into fibrin by Factor XIII
  • PAI-1 ↑ → plasminogen activator inhibited → no plasmin
  • Microclots become plasmin-resistant → persist in capillaries
  • Fluctuating symptoms: partial obstruction → brief relief cycles
  • Self-sustaining loop unless upstream drivers addressed

Lab Signals

  • α2-antiplasmin >120% activity
  • PAI-1 >50 ng/mL
  • D-dimer LOW despite persistent symptoms
Section 03

Lab Panel & Thresholds

LifeLabs (Canada) and Labcorp (US) codes with clinical action thresholds.

⚠️ Key Insight: PT/INR/aPTT are often NORMAL in this pattern. These tests measure bulk coagulation cascades, not platelet–vWF dynamics, fibrin architecture, or fibrinolysis resistance. A normal clotting panel does not rule out microvascular dysfunction.

Core Panel — Order First

Test LifeLabs Labcorp # Action Threshold Interpretation
vWF AntigenvWF Antigen086280>150% of normalEndothelial activation; key Step 1 marker
vWF Activity (Ristocetin)vWF Activity086264>150% activityFunctional vWF; compare to antigen ratio
ADAMTS13 ActivitySend-out (spec. coag)117913<60% activityLow relative to vWF = critical imbalance
D-DimerD-Dimer115188>0.5 mg/L FEUActive clot turnover; normal ≠ rules out microclots
Fibrinogen (Clauss)Fibrinogen001610>4.0 g/LDense clot tendency; Step 3 marker
CBC + MPVCBC w/ diff005009MPV >11 fLReactive platelets; count usually normal
hs-CRPhs-CRP120766>3 mg/LInflammatory driver of Steps 1–3

Extended Panel — Add if Core Abnormal

Test LifeLabs Labcorp # Action Threshold Interpretation
α2-Antiplasmin activitySpecialty coag (send)500540>120% activityFibrinolysis inhibition; Step 4 marker
PAI-1Limited availability500512>50 ng/mLBlocks plasmin generation; Step 4 marker
Plasminogen ActivitySend-out500538<70% activityReduced fibrinolytic capacity

Contextual / Viral — Order if Clinically Indicated

Test LifeLabs Labcorp # Threshold Interpretation
EBV (VCA IgM/IgG, EBNA)EBV serologyActive IgM or ↑ IgGHerpesvirus reactivation → ↑ vWF, ↓ ADAMTS13
CMV IgM/IgGCMV serologyActive IgMSame mechanism as EBV
FerritinFerritin004828>300 µg/LHyperferritinemia = systemic inflammation
LDHLDH004549>250 U/LTissue/endothelial injury marker
Section 04

SSRI Withdrawal Protocol

Typically Steps 1–2 dominant. Microvascular dysfunction is functional (not structural) and resolves as the nervous system recalibrates. Most cases stabilize at Steps 1–2 without escalation.

Step Priority — SSRI Withdrawal

Step Focus Priority Typical Timeline Notes
Step 1 — Endothelium/NO vWF, NO, endothelial stabilization ⭐⭐⭐ PRIMARY Days 1–14 Address first. Often sufficient.
Step 2 — Platelets/PMP Platelet reactivity, PMP shedding ⭐⭐⭐ CO-PRIMARY Days 3–21 Main source of sensory symptoms.
Step 3 — Fibrin Structure Dense clot tendency, fibrinogen ⭐ RARE Only if persistent (>4 weeks) Escalate only if labs support.
Step 4 — Fibrinolysis α2-antiplasmin, PAI-1 ⭐ VERY RARE Exceptional cases only Specialist evaluation required.
Phase 1 — Immediate (Days 0–7): Stabilize NO / Endothelium
  • Hydration: 2–3 L/day + electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium)
  • Sleep: consistent schedule — key NO/endothelial regulator
  • Pacing: avoid exertion spikes; gentle walking if tolerated
  • Vitamin K2 (MK-4): endothelial + Gas6 platelet signaling support
  • Omega-3 fatty acids: endothelial + platelet stabilization
  • Reduce sympathetic load: minimize caffeine; breathwork; cool environment
  • If hyperadrenergic: consider clonidine (clinician-guided)
Phase 2 — Early Stabilization (Days 7–21): Platelet Stabilization
  • Omega-3 (higher dose range — clinician-guided)
  • Magnesium glycinate or malate (stabilizes platelet + vascular tone)
  • Polyphenols: quercetin-type compounds (anti-platelet + anti-inflammatory)
  • If Step 2 dominant: confirm with MPV, vWF activity
  • Consider low-dose antiplatelet only with clinician decision — weigh bleeding risk if still on SSRI
Phase 3 — Escalation (>4 Weeks, Persistent): Only if labs support
  • Re-evaluate SSRI taper strategy — slower taper may reduce microvascular burden
  • Anti-inflammatory focus: address sleep, gut inflammation, metabolic stress
  • Consider statin (clinician-guided): pleiotropic endothelial + anti-inflammatory effects
  • Anticoagulation only if fibrinogen clearly elevated AND symptoms persistent
⚠️ Safety Note — SSRI + Antiplatelet Bleeding Risk SSRIs already deplete platelet serotonin. Combining with antiplatelet agents significantly increases bleeding risk. Any antiplatelet or anticoagulant decision requires clinician assessment. Gastric protection (PPI) is mandatory if antiplatelets are added.
Section 05

Long COVID / Post-Viral Protocol

Often progresses to Steps 3–4. Involves structural changes (amyloid-like fibrin microclots, sustained endothelial injury, possible viral persistence). Multi-layered, longer-duration treatment is typical.

Step Priority — Long COVID

Step Focus Priority Typical Timeline Notes
Step 1 — Endothelium/NOvWF, NO, endothelial stabilization⭐⭐⭐ REQUIREDWeeks 1–ongoingNecessary but rarely sufficient alone.
Step 2 — Platelets/PMPPlatelet reactivity, PMP shedding⭐⭐ IMPORTANTWeeks 1–ongoingUsually added early alongside Step 1.
Step 3 — Fibrin StructureDense/amyloid fibrin, fibrinogen⭐⭐⭐ COREWeeks 2–6+Anticoagulation often indicated here.
Step 4 — Fibrinolysisα2-antiplasmin, PAI-1, tPA pathway⭐⭐⭐ OFTEN LIMITINGMonths 1–6+Often the key barrier to recovery.
Layer 1 + 2 — Foundation (Start Immediately)
  • Endothelial stabilization: vitamin K2, omega-3, polyphenols
  • NO support: L-citrulline or beetroot-derived nitrates (clinician-guided)
  • Platelet stabilization: omega-3 (higher dose), magnesium, quercetin
  • Pacing strategy (CRITICAL): avoid post-exertional malaise (PEM) crashes — graded exercise therapy is contraindicated
  • Statins (clinician-guided): anti-inflammatory + endothelial + anti-platelet effects
  • Address sleep, metabolic health, viral triggers (EBV/CMV reactivation)
Layer 3 — Anticoagulation (Add when fibrinogen ↑ or symptoms persist at 2–4 weeks)
  • DOACs: Apixaban or Rivaroxaban (physician-prescribed, individualized dosing)
  • Alternative: low-molecular-weight heparin (Enoxaparin) in selected cases
  • Monitor: fibrinogen, D-dimer, vWF activity every 4–6 weeks
  • Duration: typically months — not short courses
  • Antiplatelet + anticoagulant combined: additive bleeding risk — specialist supervision required
Layer 4 — Fibrinolysis Restoration (Add when α2-AP/PAI-1 ↑ and plateau persists)
  • Specialist-guided evaluation: obtain α2-antiplasmin and PAI-1 levels
  • Address PAI-1 drivers: metabolic syndrome, cortisol dysregulation, inflammation
  • Advanced fibrinolytic approaches (hospital/specialist): tPA (Alteplase) in selected severe cases only
  • D-dimer may transiently rise as fibrinolysis resumes — interpret in clinical context
  • Reassess herpesvirus status: active EBV/CMV reactivation can suppress ADAMTS13 and perpetuate loop

Long COVID — Specific Considerations

Factors unique to Long COVID (not SSRI withdrawal): Spike protein directly alters fibrin structure toward amyloid-like conformation. Persistent viral reservoir may continuously drive endothelial activation. Autoimmune component possible (ADAMTS13 autoantibodies). Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) overlap may amplify vWF release. Expected recovery trajectory: months to 1–2 years.
Section 06

Escalation Rules

Built-in decision logic: "If X doesn't improve → do Y."

🟢 Step 1 Escalation Rules

If: vWF remains ↑ after 2 weeks of endothelial support
Then: Add omega-3 + magnesium (Step 2 support). Re-check vWF at 4 weeks.
SSRI: common. LC: expected — broaden to Step 2 immediately.
If: CRP ↑ and not resolving
Then: Investigate inflammatory drivers: sleep, gut health, viral reactivation, metabolic factors. Consider statin (clinician).
Statin: pleiotropic anti-inflammatory + eNOS upregulation.
If: Orthostatic symptoms dominant + not improving
Then: Evaluate for POTS/dysautonomia overlap. Consider clonidine if hyperadrenergic (clinician).
SSRI: autonomic rebound common. LC: dysautonomia often co-exists.
If: NO support interventions insufficient
Then: Consider ACE inhibitor/ARB or PDE5 inhibitor (Sildenafil) — clinician decision only.
Sildenafil: amplifies NO via cGMP — useful in microvascular flow impairment.

🟠 Step 2 Escalation Rules

If: MPV stays elevated + sensory symptoms persist after 3 weeks
Then: Consider low-dose antiplatelet (ASA 81mg). Weigh bleeding risk carefully.
SSRI: elevated bleeding risk. LC: more commonly indicated.
If: Steps 1 + 2 addressed and symptoms plateau
Then: Check fibrinogen. If ↑, escalate to Step 3. This is the key decision gate before adding anticoagulation.
If: PMP-driven amplification suspected (focal/asymmetric sensory)
Then: Confirm: MPV ↑, vWF ↑, platelet count normal. Consider clopidogrel if ASA inadequate.
Combining antiplatelet + anticoagulant requires specialist oversight.

🔵 Step 3 Escalation Rules

If: Fibrinogen ↑ and symptoms persist >4 weeks despite Steps 1+2
Then: Add anticoagulation: DOAC (Apixaban/Rivaroxaban) — physician-prescribed.
SSRI: rare. LC: commonly required, often for months.
If: Fibrinogen ↓ but symptoms remain
Then: Advance to Step 4 evaluation (α2-antiplasmin, PAI-1).
Fibrin structure may have normalized but fibrinolysis still impaired.
If: D-dimer rises during anticoagulation
Then: May indicate improved clot breakdown — interpret alongside symptoms. Do NOT automatically increase anticoagulation.
Rising D-dimer + improving symptoms = positive signal.

🔴 Step 4 Escalation Rules

If: α2-antiplasmin and/or PAI-1 elevated + recovery plateau
Then: Specialist referral required. Advanced fibrinolytic evaluation.
tPA (Alteplase) used in selected LC cases — hospital-level decision only.
If: PAI-1 ↑ driven by metabolic syndrome
Then: Address insulin resistance, weight, cortisol. GLP-1 agonists may reduce PAI-1 (emerging evidence).
If: Persistent despite all steps
Then: Reassess for: herpesvirus reactivation (EBV/CMV), autoimmune ADAMTS13 antibodies, MCAS overlap.
These are upstream perpetuating factors preventing full resolution.
Section 07

Drug Algorithm

FDA-approved agents mapped to each mechanism step. Sequencing matters: address Steps 1–2 before escalating. All medications require prescriber decision.

Step 1 — Endothelium / NO

Goal: ↑ NO bioavailability · ↓ vWF release · ↓ endothelial activation

DrugClassMechanismDosingSSRI UseLC Use
Lisinopril / EnalaprilACE inhibitor↑ NO, ↓ endothelial activation, ↓ vWFOral daily✓ Applicable✓✓ Recommended
Losartan / ValsartanARBEndothelial protection, ↑ NOOral daily✓ Applicable✓✓ Recommended
Atorvastatin / RosuvastatinStatin↓ CRP, ↓ vWF, ↑ eNOS activity, pleiotropicOral daily✓ Applicable✓✓✓ Core
SildenafilPDE5 inhibitorAmplifies NO via cGMP → microvascular flowOral PRN/daily✓✓ Applicable✓✓ Applicable
ClonidineAlpha-2 agonist↓ Sympathetic tone → ↓ vasoconstrictionOral low-dose✓✓ Hyperadrener.✓ Dysautonomia

Step 2 — Platelets / PMPs

Goal: ↓ platelet activation · ↓ PMP shedding · ↓ platelet–vWF binding

DrugClassMechanismDosingSSRI UseLC Use
Aspirin 81 mgAntiplatelet (COX-1)↓ Thromboxane A2 → ↓ platelet activationOral daily⚠️ Bleeding risk✓✓ Applicable
ClopidogrelAntiplatelet (P2Y12)↓ ADP-mediated platelet activationOral daily⚠️ Bleeding risk✓ With ASA
Statin (dual role)PleiotropicAlso reduces platelet reactivitySee Step 1✓ Applicable✓✓ Recommended

Step 3 — Fibrin Structure

Goal: ↓ thrombin → less dense fibrin networks

DrugClassMechanismDosingSSRI UseLC Use
ApixabanDOAC (Xa inhibitor)↓ Thrombin → less dense fibrin networksOral BIDRare✓✓✓ Core
RivaroxabanDOAC (Xa inhibitor)↓ Thrombin generationOral daily/BIDRare✓✓✓ Core
EnoxaparinLMWH↓ Thrombin, anti-Xa; preferred in hospitalSC injectionRare✓✓ Applicable

Step 4 — Fibrinolysis Shutdown

Goal: restore controlled fibrinolysis — requires specialist guidance

DrugClassMechanismDosingNotes
Alteplase (tPA)FibrinolyticConverts plasminogen → plasmin → breaks fibrinIV (hospital only)SSRI: very rare. LC: specialist decision. Hospital-level only.
GLP-1 agonistsMetabolic (emerging)May reduce PAI-1; address insulin resistanceIndividualizedBoth conditions — emerging evidence for PAI-1 reduction.
⚠️ Safety Flags for Drug Combinations (1) SSRIs deplete platelet serotonin → additive bleeding risk with any antiplatelet. (2) Antiplatelet + anticoagulant combined requires specialist supervision. (3) tPA is hospital/specialist use only — not outpatient. (4) PDE5 inhibitors contraindicated with nitrates.
Section 08

Symptom → Step Mapper

Bedside rapid identification: find dominant symptom cluster → identify step → initiate protocol.

1
Endothelium / NO — Flow Instability
Think: vasoconstriction / NO deficit · vWF ↑ · CRP ↑
Diffuse head pressure (often back of head)
Light sensitivity (not true migraine aura)
Orthostatic lightheadedness
Heat intolerance · air hunger
Fluctuating BP / pulse · global, not focal
First Actions
NO support: hydration, pacing, sleep
Vitamin K2, Omega-3, reduce sympathetic load
Clinician: consider ACE/ARB, statin
2
Platelet Amplification — Microvascular Hotspots
Think: platelet clustering · MPV ↑ · focal pattern
Pressure behind one eye / temple (asymmetric)
Visual brightness / contrast exaggeration ("HD")
Sound sensitivity / distortion
Derealization / "split perception"
Tingling or buzzing sensations
First Actions
Omega-3 + Magnesium
Polyphenols (quercetin)
Clinician: ASA 81mg (weigh risk carefully)
3
Fibrin / Microflow Limitation
Think: capillary obstruction · fibrinogen ↑ · PEM pattern
Brain fog / word-finding difficulty
Mental fatigue disproportionate to effort
Exercise intolerance / post-exertional malaise
"Low oxygen" feeling without hypoxia
Delayed recovery hours/days after exertion
First Actions
Pacing — CRITICAL, avoid PEM crashes
Anti-inflammatory focus (diet, sleep, metabolic)
Clinician: DOAC if labs support and persistent
4
Fibrinolysis Shutdown — Stuck State
Think: α2-AP ↑ · PAI-1 ↑ · D-dimer paradoxically low
Plateaued recovery despite partial improvement
Waxing/waning without clear triggers
Cold extremities / poor peripheral circulation
Symptoms don't clear with rest
Morning heaviness / "stuck" sensation
First Actions
Evaluate α2-antiplasmin, PAI-1
Address metabolic drivers (insulin resistance)
Specialist referral + rule out viral reactivation

⚡ Ultra-Fast Bedside Shortcut

Symptom Pattern Dominant Step First Move
Global pressure + light sensitivity→ Step 1NO + endothelial support
Focal pressure + sensory overload→ Step 2Omega-3 + Magnesium
Fatigue + brain fog + PEM→ Step 3Pacing + anti-inflammatory
Plateau + stuck / persistent→ Step 4Specialist + fibrinolysis eval
Mixed presentation→ Score allTreat highest-scoring step first

SSRI Withdrawal vs. Long COVID — Side-by-Side

Feature SSRI Withdrawal Long COVID
Fibrin structureLikely normal; functionalAmyloid-like; protease-resistant
PlateletsDysregulated / unstableHyperactivated (structural)
NO signalingFluctuating / reducedPersistently reduced
EndotheliumTransiently stressedDamaged / inflamed
MicrocirculationIntermittently impairedPersistently impaired
Step 1 priority⭐⭐⭐ Primary⭐⭐⭐ Required
Step 2 priority⭐⭐⭐ Co-primary⭐⭐ Important
Step 3 priority⭐ Rare⭐⭐⭐ Core
Step 4 priority⭐ Very rare⭐⭐⭐ Often limiting
Section 09

Treatment Monitoring — 8-Week Tracker

Markers normalize in a predictable sequence. Patients often feel better before late markers normalize. Track this order: Endothelium → Platelets → Fibrin → Fibrinolysis.

Earliest Response
Days to ~1 week
vWF activity falls
CRP decreases
Symptoms less severe
MPV begins to normalize
Intermediate
Weeks 1–4
Fibrinogen decreases
vWF:ADAMTS13 ratio improving
Symptom consistency improves
MPV normalized
Late Resolution
Weeks 4–12+
α2-antiplasmin normalizes
PAI-1 falls
~D-dimer may transiently ↑
Full symptom resolution
⚠️ D-Dimer Rising During Treatment If D-dimer rises during anticoagulant treatment, this may indicate improved clot breakdown — a therapeutic signal, not a complication. Interpret alongside symptom trajectory. Do NOT automatically increase anticoagulation based on D-dimer alone.

8-Week Tracking Table

Marker (units) Step Baseline Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 Week 8
vWF Activity (%)
ADAMTS13 Activity (%)
hs-CRP (mg/L)
MPV (fL)
Platelet Count (×10⁹/L)
Fibrinogen (g/L)
D-Dimer (mg/L FEU)
α2-Antiplasmin (%)
PAI-1 (ng/mL)
Symptom Score (0–10)
Monitoring Cadence: Every 4–6 weeks initially · Space to every 8–12 weeks once stable · Long COVID: extend tracking to 6–12 months · Add α2-antiplasmin and PAI-1 only if plateau persists.
Section 10

Patient Assessment Form

Complete at each visit. Use the scoring system (Section 1) to assign the dominant step.

Patient Information

Condition Pattern

Symptom Checklist

Check all symptoms present. Count totals per step for scoring.

Step 1 — Endothelium / NO Count: ____/6
Step 2 — Platelets / PMPs Count: ____/5
Step 3 — Fibrin / Microflow Count: ____/5
Step 4 — Fibrinolysis Shutdown Count: ____/5

Auto-Score Result

Lab Results

Test Value Threshold Flag ↑/↓/N
vWF Antigen (%)>150%
vWF Activity (%)>150%
ADAMTS13 (%)<60%
D-Dimer (mg/L)>0.5
Fibrinogen (g/L)>4.0
MPV (fL)>11
hs-CRP (mg/L)>3
α2-Antiplasmin (%)>120%
PAI-1 (ng/mL)>50
Platelet Count (×10⁹/L)Normal
LDH (U/L)>250

Clinical Plan

Quick Safety Flags